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The human papilloma virus

The human papilloma virus

Many infections do not cause symptoms in healthy people.The immune system suppresses the suppression of the virus activity, as a result of which a person becomes the carrier of the infection.At the same time, the transmission of the pathogen other people also occurs with complete clinical well -being, as viral particles are involved in the patient's biological fluids.The hidden course of infection can be the main cause of a significant spread of the disease: patients do not undergo timely examinations and continue to infect other people unconsciously.

The human papilloma virus (HPV) can be called an excellent example of a hidden infectious agent.Most people become infected with at least one type of HPV throughout life, but the clinical manifestations of the disease do not occur in all cases.Doctors attribute an increased risk of forming a malignant tumor to distant complications of infection.Moreover, patients suffering from immunity often have such a negative consequence of the disease.The topic drug helps to suppress the symptoms of HPV infection.Timely vaccination is also recommended.

More about the disease

The human papilloma virus is the pathogen of infection affecting the skin and mucous membranes of the organs.The main manifestation of the disease is the increase of neoplasms in the person's area, the genitals of the oral cavity and throat.In some cases, pronounced papillomas are formed in non -specific places, such as the skin of the lower and upper limbs.The localization of the warts depends on the type of HPV.In most people, the infection leads to a hidden transport of infection, however, with a decrease in immunity, the virus begins to show its virulence.In some cases, immunocompetent cells independently destroy the pathogen within 3-6 months after its conquest in the body.

HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease.Such an indicator can be explained by the high virus virulence and the asymptomatic flow of pathology in most people.The use of condoms does not always avoid infection, so the patient may continue to spread the virus with protected sexual intercourse.At the same time, experts developed effective vaccines that prevent the development of an oncogenic form of HPV.Immunization is shown to girls in adolescence, as protection against the virus must be introduced before the first sexual contact.

The features of the virus

The human papilloma virus is a pathogen containing DNA.Unlike bacteria and other microorganisms, viruses can only indicate their activity after they get into the cage and enter their genetic information essentially.After that, the affected cell begins to synthesize the proteins needed for mounting viral particles.Almost all papillomavirus family representatives attack only one type of organism, and HPV infection can only occur in humans.

Scientists know more than 600 strains (types) of human papilloma virus, which are distinguished by genetic information.40 Types of HPV are caused by various forms of mucous membranes and skin damage.At the same time, the classification of the degree of oncogeneity of strains is of significant clinical importance.So cervical cancer in women most often occurs with the occupation of HPV 16 and 18. These infectious agents are not always manifested by skin changes.

HPV is gorgeous in the basal layer of the epithelium.The pathogen can exist in the form of an episome that is not associated with cell DNA, or with an integrated form associated with cell genome.Virusten the integrated virus produces the necessary proteins and causes clinical manifestations of the disease.HPV life in the body is not a direct cause of malignant tissue degeneration, however, virus transport increases the risk of risk factors for cancer.

The methods of infection

The virus is found in epithelial basal cells, so any microtrauma of the skin and mucosa increases the risk of infection.In most cases, HPV is transmitted by vaginal, anal or oral sexual contact.The condom can only be provided by the part of the skin surface, however, viral particles can still penetrate the body through other covers.The presence of genital warts predisposes to the transmission of the pathogen, but the outside of the outside of the disease is also a source of HPV.

Other transmission paths

  1. Baby infection during childbirth.Children most often occur respiratory tract losses
  2. Independent transfer of the virus from one part of the body to the other
  3. General use of personal hygiene items, including razors, toothbrushes and towels
  4. Blood transfusion.Recent studies have confirmed the possibility of transfusion infection.
  5. Surgical interventions under non -Sterile conditions

Although the various causes of viral occupation, only the sexual pathway of HPV infection is clinical.Other sources of infection are characterized by a low pathogenic risk.

Risk factors

In addition to direct ways to transmit HPV, it is also necessary to consider the role of risk factors.We are talking about the features of a human lifestyle and a certain physical condition.

The main risk factors for infection

  1. A large number of sexual partners.Even with safe sex, an active sex life sooner or later leads to infection.
  2. Genital warts are in most cases detected in adolescents and young patients, while oral cavity and respiratory system are characteristic of children.
  3. Weakened immune system.Patients suffering from HIV infection or acquired immunity are a lot of risk of viral occupation.Also, HPV most often manifests itself symptomatic after organ transplantation.
  4. Damage to the skin and mucous membranes.Microtraums facilitate the penetration of the virus into the basal layer of the epithelium.
  5. Smoking and alcoholism.Bad habits weaken immunity activity.
  6. Venative infections.

Moreover, pregnant women are involved in the risk of infection.It should be remembered that eliminating predisposition factors for the disease is effective preventive tactics.

Clinical picture of papilloma

Current

The incubation period that precedes the symptomatic manifestations of the disease may last for several months or not.In immunocompet patients, the body can destroy the infection during this time, but spontaneous pathogen elimination does not always occur.A person can be infected simultaneously with some strains of the virus.Signs of HPV infection occur when exposed to adverse factors that weaken immune tissue protection.Due to the repeated course, the condyloma periodically disappears and is formed again.Oncological complications of infections can develop for several decades.

Possible consequences of the disease:

  1. Cervical carcinoma - malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue.This type of oncology is associated only with the human papilloma virus.With timely vaccination, the risk of oncogenesis decreases.
  2. Anal hole cell carcinoma.Such a complication can occur in men and women.Early symptoms of anus cancer include bleeding and itching of the skin.
  3. Violation of urination due to obstruction of the urethra from the condyloma.
  4. Malignant Renaissance of warts in the throat and oral cavity.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of women's death.Since this disease is accompanied by viral occupation, regular examinations are needed in a gynecologist.Modern vaccines protect women from the most oncogenic types of HPV.

Troubleshooting

Gynecologists, urologists, venereologists and dermatologists are engaged in Condil examination.During the initial meeting, the doctor will ask the patient about complaints, collect anamnestic data and perform an inspection of skin formations.Typically, HPV manifestations are easily identified, however, other diseases should be excluded.For this, the specialist will describe instrumental and laboratory research.

Necessary Diagnostic Methods:

  1. Instrumental examination of the vagina and cervix (colposcopy).Such a study was necessarily performed for examination of cervical carcinoma.During the examination, the doctor may detect numerous papillomas and areas of epithelial dysplasia.
  2. Biopsy - taking tissue material in the field of skin or mucous changes.A cytological study of the sample allows you to identify malignant cells.
  3. Polymerase chain reaction - detection of HPV viral particles in the body.Performing this test gives the doctor the opportunity to determine the pathogenic strain and viral load.
  4. The Digene test is a high precision discovery of the DNA oncogenic strains of the human papilloma virus.The study is used as reliable examination.
In addition to these studies, the doctor will recommend the patient to take tests for other infectious diseases, including HIV and syphilis.

Treatment

Preparations developed against HPV infection can only eliminate the symptoms of the disease and prevent tissue malformations.Complete elimination of the virus using drug therapy is impossible.Oral and current agents are described in the event of high risk of oncogenesis, immunity and other adverse conditions.If the virus is not manifested by external changes, generally general preventive measures.

Possible appointments

  1. Salicylic acid to remove warts.It is not used to process the skin of the face and genitals.
  2. Creams and ointments containing immunomodulatory agents.
  3. Podofilo - an oil with a cytostatic effect.Applying the drug to the affected skin leads to the destruction of pathogenic elements.
  4. Trichlooroxic acid for chemical cauterization of general and genital warts.Can cause local section.

The medicines listed should be used only under medical examination.After removing warts, HPV infection can manifest again and even spread to other areas.

Surgical treatment

Surgical treatment of papilloma

The doctor can provide the patient with surgical and minimally invasive wart removal methods.Typically, such methods do not cause complications, but in the first days after the intervention, tissue bleeding may occur.

Types of Intervention:

  1. Ordinary surgical extraction;
  2. freezing with liquid nitrogen followed by the destruction of affected tissue;
  3. electrical coagulation;
  4. Removing papillomas with a laser;
  5. Using a "knife" radio wave.

All procedures are performed under local anesthesia.The specialist will choose the safest method for treating the condyle.

Predict

The course of papillomavirus infection depends on the patient's immune status and a specific strain of the virus.Approximately 30% of the population has a spontaneous elimination of the pathogen caused by active immunity.Symptomatic the disease is often manifested in pregnant women, children, older people and patients with immunity.

HPV infection is characterized by a repeated course.The formed papillomas can gradually disappear or spread to the neighboring skin.The oncogenic strains of the virus most often affect the cervical mucosa, and the resulting epithelial dysplasia increases the effect of the risk factors of malignant tissue degeneration, such as smoking and the use of oral contraceptives.The tumor can be formed 10-20 years after the virus invasion in the body.

PREVENTION

The most reliable method of prevention is early immunization.Gardasil vaccine, which contains viral proteins and auxiliary ingredients, is effective against HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 types. If vaccination is performed at a young age until the first sexual contact, the risk of cervical cancer in a woman does not exceed 1%.

Additional Prevention:

  1. the use of condoms;
  2. sex only with trusted partners;
  3. Complete personal hygiene;
  4. Gynecological examination at least once a year.